Tips to make a good duck cage

To be able to make a good cage duck, duck breeders should also have to understand and have knowledge of building materials, home building and how toestablish the recommended enclosure requirements.

How to build a good duck coop? Below, we will explain the requirements to be metin making the cage of ducks :

1. Direction of the cage

Should the cage, stretching from east to west. This is to avoid sunlight to not gocontinuously into the cage so that the resulting temperature in the enclosure to be hotter during the day.

2. Wide enclosure

Duck and need for space. This is because the duck easily startled and frightened.When the duck is not sufficient space, will result in ducks collide or coincide. For thebroad area of ​​1m2 enclosure can accommodate at most 8 ducks.

3. High enclosure

Even though duck is relatively small, but the cage should be made with a minimumheight of 2m. This dimaksukan to exchange the air in the enclosure is progressing well. In addition, officers will facilitate breeders or cages to conduct its activities inthe cage freely.

4. The walls of the enclosure

Preferably the enclosure wall, the side of the top open and bottom closed.

5. Light

In addition to the above matters, the farmer must also pay attention to the sun (notdirect sunlight) can get into the cage.

Read More

CRD and ND overcome disease

CRD DISEASE

Based on the data, the case of poultry, especially chickens peyakit attack in 2003 that snoring is a complex disease often called Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) complex. It is currently the CRD complex was difficult to handle, but it caused no little harm. It is associated with lower growth rate, high death rate and high conversion ration. Other losses due to CRD is the uniformity of body weight complexes that are not achieved and the number of chickens that have diafkir, so that the farmers will lose money.

CRD is a joint disease complex with 2 (two) components of the bacterium Mycoplasma galisepticum and Escherichia coli. Determinants of infectious disease is the maintenance of the system with high environmental temperature is hot or cold, high humidity, poor ventilation, livestock density is too high and way of maintenance of various ages. Strict biosecurity and the selection of specific antibiotics is a step that must be taken to save the chicken from the disease.

Snoring or CRD disease in chickens is a disease that attacks the respiratory tract in which the chronic nature. Called "because of chronic disease continues over the long term (chronic) and the chicken does not heal". The main cause is poisoning galisepticum Mycoplasma, one of the typical symptoms of CRD is the chicken was snoring, so the farmers call it snoring disease.

As a single disease, CRD are rarely to cause death, but cause high morbidity. In the field of pure rare case of CRD, which is often found CRD complex, which is followed by CRD disease infection of other diseases, especially, often followed by a bacterium Escherichia coli.

CRD complex can cause considerable economic losses. This disease can cause death. Also, it can cause stunted growth, poor carcass quality, decreased egg production, body weight uniformity is not achieved and the number of chickens that have diafkir also the increase cost of treatment.

Snoring disease complex in chickens may be complicated by other diseases such as microbes with Newcastle disease or New Castle Disease (ND), Infetious Bronhitis (IB) and E. coli. CRD can strike at any age cock with a fast transmission rate.

The cause of the disease, can be found in healthy chickens, where the chicken is called chicken disease vectors (carriers). CRD infected chickens when the body resistance to decline in times of stress such as moving home, cold, vaccination, cut in half, bad ventilation, litter moisture, high ammonia or other diseased chickens.

Losses due to CRD complex, including the failure of vaccination, because the complex nature immunosupressant CRD (suppress immunity), poor growth, high mortality, the high cost of treatment and increased conversion ration.

To combat this complex CRD is not easy. The trick is to make appropriate treatment, doing so can lead to rupture the chain of cause of CRD complex. For example, we have to keep the disease agent entry into the chicken's body, other than that the farmers have to maintain the health of chickens by providing multivitamins as well as the farmers have to maintain a stable environment so fresh and healthy, of course, not stuffy, humid and not enough ventilation. In addition the density of the cage should always be considered, so that clean air is always guaranteed. Enclosure temperature is too hot can also cause increased appetite and decreased appetite drinking. With the increased desire to drink, it will stimulate increased urination and litter gets wet, so that high ammonia concentrations and can cause respiratory problems, eventually the chicken will be vulnerable to CRD complex.

A strategy for controlling the effective complex CRD is to conduct an examination of chick age 1 (one) day or often referred to as Day Old Chick (DOC) from pembibitnya, results in conjunction with proper diagnosis and implementation of effective biosecurity management of the maintenance of good . As for ways of taking control of CRD complex, namely (1) improve the management of the cage, (2) do a good sanitation, drinking water, (3) make appropriate treatment and (4) melaksakan strict biosecurity.

Steps to perform strict biosecurity, among others (1) conduct the culling of infected poultry, (2) clean the cage with a high pressure water and spraying the cage using disinfectant, (3) empty cages at least 2 (two) weeks after cleaned cages, (4) traffic control by controlling the location of the vehicle and leaving the farm.

From the above description it can be concluded if you are affected by CRD farm complex, which need to be considered are (1) The level of ammonia and dust from the enclosure, the improvement in the condition of the cage, reducing the density of the cage, note the management of litter, ventilation and enclosure environmental effects, (2) maintenance of the chicken should be done in all-in all-out, (3) make the proper selection of drugs and we must take into account the resistance of germs.

Hope the author, if you are exposed to CRD komlpek farm, do not panic, do treatment as has been the author described.

ND DISEASE
ND is a big problem for the world and the specter of the farm, because the disease can cause very high mortality (up to 100%) and time spreading very fast, good on chicken, chicken and other fowl. According to experts, the disease can be transmitted to humans by the clinical symptoms of conjunctivitis (inflammation of the eye konjunctiva) although their cases are very rare. Whereas in birds and other wild birds with clinical signs of neurological symptoms, respiratory symptoms and gastrointestinal symptoms. 

It was the cause of disease and ND viruses of family Paramyxoviridae disebabkanoleh with or paramyxovirus genus Pneumovirus, where the virus can menghemaglutinasi blood. The disease was first discovered in 1926 by Doyle Newcastle England area and in the same year Kraneveld discovered virus disease in Bogor. Incidence of the disease is found all over the world, which attack all kinds of birds including wild birds. Virus diseases can be found in organs such as breathing apparatus, nervous and digestive systems. The spread of the disease is usually spread through direct contact with sick chickens and their droppings, through rations, drinking water, cages, where rations / drink, other equipment contaminated by the germs of disease, through visitors, insects, wild birds and the wind / air (can be reached radius of 5 km). ND virus is found in high amounts during the incubation period until the time of healing. The virus is present in the respiratory air out of chicken droppings, the eggs produced during the clinical symptoms and in the carcass during acute infection until death. 

Clinical symptoms of the disease symptoms can be observed with respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, coughing, difficult breathing, gasping and snoring; neurological symptoms of drooping wings, legs paralyzed (dragging the street), walk backwards (stagger) and head and neck twisted ( torticoles) which is a typical symptom of this disease. Later symptoms include diarrhea green digestion, tissue swelling around the eyes and neck, stopped production in laying hens, when it recovered a bad egg quality, abnormal color, shape and surface of abnormal and thin egg white. This is caused by the reproductive organs can not be normal again. Generally, the death of chicks and young chickens was higher than the old chicken. Surgical Wreck To further ensure that the farm is attacked or tidanya ND, then surgery is the best carcasses in diagnosis. In the case of surgical outcomes ND carcass of a typical symptom of this disease, the presence of red spots (ptechie) in the proventriculus (gizzard front pockets). In addition, there is a change in the lining of the intestinal form of bleeding and tissue death (nekrosa). On the respiratory organs will experience thinning exudation and air bags. Since prevention of disease caused by ND virus then until now there is no single drug that can effectively cure this disease. 

ND disease prevention can only be done with precautions (preventive) through a good vaccination program. There are two types of vaccine can be given a vaccine that is active and an inactive vaccine. Active form of vaccine that has been attenuated live vaccines, including the widely used vaccine strain Hitchner Lentogenic especially B-1 and Lasota. These vaccines can cause immune activation in a long time so that the use of recommended vaccines is more active than the inactive vaccine.Vaccination program should be done carefully and consider the induced immunity.The first vaccination should be given no later than the fourth day old chickens, because of the delay until the age of two weeks and so will eliminate the ability of active antibody formation by the parent antibody, because at the age of the parent antibody is no longer functioning. Vaccination programs in broiler chickens should be done at the age of three days and continued vaccination at the age of three weeks, whereas in laying hens at the age of three days, four weeks, three months and then every four months as needed. Vaccines can be done by spray, drops (eye, nose, mouth), drinking water and injections. Important things to consider in carrying out vaccination include: · Vaccination is only performed on animals that actually sound · The vaccine is given soon after the vaccine is dissolved · Avoid direct sunlight · Avoid things that can cause severe stress on livestock · Wash hands with detergent before and after vaccination Conclusion Given the economic losses ND ditimbulan the disease is very high then the best way is to run the program menanggulaninya strict management of vaccination programs and good environmental sanitation in order to avoid this disease so that the benefits will be further increased .

Read More

Anticipatory measures to overcome the spread of avian influenza

Bird flu or avian influenza is a disease originating in animals (zoonosis) due to the spread of the H5N1 virus. The virus is frequently mutated in various formats that can not be simulated using a lot of scientific approach.

Indonesia is a tropical country prone to the spread of this disease, as had happened in the countries of the world's middle latitudes.

However, the government through the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture and other relevant agencies have a mechanism to prevent and control bird flu by default according to international standards of WHO.

What are the steps? In general, if there are patients with suspected bird flu according to certain criteria, then the health worker would do three things. Speaking of that criterion, of which the last 24 hours someone has a fever or rash - either high or not - and is known to make physical contact with poultry.

Also if known birds in the vicinity of a person suspected of contracting it suddenly ill and died.

In terms of personnel, it is the first step officers of Animal Husbandry Department of Health and local businesses will go to the field or around the house suspected to examine the people who make contact or contact with suspected patients.

Officers will check whether the contact has symptoms of flu and if there is it will be checking the temperature and state of the clinic on a regular basis if necessary and given preventive medication if needed.

Health care workers also will examine the environment around the house to see the problems of environmental sanitation and the Animal Husbandry Department will inspect poultry, both clinical and laboratory that can be a rapid test, culture or PCR.

The second step is to treat both the symptoms of patients with suspected mild weight moreover, to the referral hospital.

A third step is to take samples from the patient's body tissue to be examined at the Laboratory Balitbangkes to ascertain whether the patient with suspected bird flu infected or not.

"If you will already have results and the results were indeed positive for bird flu, then the result will be posted on the website the Ministry of Health and reported to WHO as part of the IHR," said Tjandra.

Whereas if the results were negative, the patient admitted to hospital with suspected who had handled the situation will remain appropriate clinical medicine procedures / treatments available.

So, if there are people around us experience things like that then do not hesitate to contact or inform the authorities in their respective environments.

Editors: Ade Marboen

Read More

Poultry Feed from Waste Cashew

Cashew is one of the potential industrial plants with the main product in the form of seeds (pea) nuts. Cashew nuts are generally developed in the lowland areas of dry climate, even in the area of ​​critical land for reforestation or conservation land.

Cashew processing, in addition to produce seeds, also waste such as fruit and artificial skin or shell beans. The fruit is usually apparent only discarded as waste. One of those opportunities is the use of artificial fruit as feed. Feeding a combination of legumes and nuts are very good artificial fruitfor livestock.

Fruits contain artificial nutrients is low, at 82.5% water, 0.7% protein, and energy of 720 cal / g. Physical composition of the solid parts of the fruit pseudo 34-36%, with crude protein content of 6.10% and 15.15% crude fiber. In addition to low nutrients, the fruit also contains pseudo anakardat acid that can cause throat and coughing when used as animal feed.

One effort to improve the nutritional value of fruit is apparent through the process of fermentation. Through this process, the levels of protein and calories can be increased and decreased levels of crude fiber. Fermentation can also suppress the content of tannins so that material can be given at higher levels in livestock rations.

False fruit can also be dried and made flour so it is more durable (up to 6 months). In this way, the feed from artificial fruit can be available throughout the year outside the harvest season. In addition, penepungan will facilitate the storage, transport, and mixing at the time given to livestock.

Here's the process cashew nuts for animal feed :

Processing Processes
Cashew waste fermentation can take place effectively with the help of certain microbes as the inoculant. Of the various types of inoculant is attempted, which gave the best results is Aspergillus niger.
Aspergillus niger is a fungus that is optional, can be grown in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Therefore, the use of these microbes for fermentation will be more practical, because the fermentation process is not necessarily closed. However, farmers or people who are interested in doing the fermentation of waste must be careful, because there are other Aspergillus species namely Aspergillus flavus that can lead to aflatoxin in poultry. However, both are very easy to distinguish, A. niger colonies black, whereas A. flavus yellow.
In order for efficient fermentation process, or Aspergillus seeds Rhizophus activated and propagated. A. In general, seed niger produced in the laboratory be solid, but Aspergillus BPTP Bali produced a liquid. This is so cheap that inoculant is affordable by farmers.

Through the process of propagation, every 1 liter of seed Aspergillus can be 200 liters. Activation and propagation of Aspergillus requires equipment such as a plastic tub and clean aerator, while the materials used are sugar, urea, and NPK, each 1% by weight of water. Nutrients can be replaced with a mixture of sugar and extract the bean sprouts (mung bean sprouts) each of 2.5% by weight of water.
The water used must be sterile and free chlorine (not tap water). When using river water or dirty water, must be cooked to a boil first to kill the microbes. Water that has been cooked is left to cool, then add sugar, urea, and NPK or sugar and extract the bean sprouts and stir until dissolved. Further included Aspergillus seed as much as 0.5% of the volume of water.

Aerator hose end and then put in water and weighted so as not to float, then aerator is turned so that the resulting bubbles of oxygen in water and water pressure so that air spins. The process of aeration is done around 30-48 hours until the solution is ready for use. When electricity is not available on site and aerator, the solution was left for 72 hours, a new use. During the activation process, these materials are put in the shade and covered to avoid microbial contamination.
 
Fermentation
Fermentation carried out on the container or on a bare loft woven bamboo. Fermentation carried out in the shade so that the material is not exposed to rain or sunlight. Waste water containing 60% of mete so before it is fermented to pressed or squeezed, either manually or with tools, then shredded. Can also be chopped first new material in the press.
Fermented waste to be placed in a tub or other container. Materials sown 5-10 cm thick, then poured a solution of A. niger evenly. Further on it plus more waste, then sprayed again with a solution to all wetted materials. Waste is then covered with burlap, plastic or cloth to keep it moist and protected from microbes. Fermentation done 4-6 days. When the fermentation is too rapid, the process of decomposition is less than perfect.
 
Drying and Grinding
After 5 days, fermentation was opened and closed with a sun dried waste. When the sun shines bright, in 2-3 days to dry ingredients. Once dried, the waste ground to a powder. Milling can use penepung cassava, rice or coffee. For devices with a capacity of 100 kg / hour, it takes an engine of a magnitude 8 HP.
Flour waste can be directly administered to livestock or stored. Wheat stored in plastic bags or burlap is dry and the ends tied up and placed in a dry and shady. With processing, the waste can be stored up to 6 months.
 
Ingredients Nutrition and Utilization
Pseudo cashew fruit has fermented nutrients, especially protein, much higher than the original material, the protein increased from 7% to 21-22%. Meanwhile, crude fiber content decreased from 14.48% to 8.56%.
Cashew waste fermentation can be given to ruminant livestock (goats, cows, buffalo) as feed amplifier. Forage still be given, while feeding the amplifier as an additional feed to generate growth or increase milk production. In goats or cows, the number of its use ranged from 0.7 to 1.2% of live weight of cattle. Goat weighing 30 kg can be fed with fermented cashew waste of about 200-350 g / head / day.
In cows with body weight 300 kg, the waste can be administered from 2.0 to 3.5 kg / head / day. In the chicken or duck, cashew waste flour can be mixed into the ration.
 
Research Findings
BPTP Bali assessment results show, giving cashew waste fermentation in goats can increase body weight significantly. Weighing at 24 goats first obtain an average initial weight for P1: 15.67 kg / head and P2: 15.55 kg / head. After the waste fed 12 weeks (84 days), average body weight to be 18.49 kg to 20.56 kg for P1 and P2. Thus the obtained P1 body weight gain on average 33.58 g and P2 59.65 g / head / day.
The results of economic analysis shows, gift cashew waste fermentation can increase profits by Rp31.950 per 12 weeks or Rp10.650 per month for each child goat tail compared to traditional maintenance pattern. The analysis taking into account the cost of raw materials and processing.

# Institute for Agricultural Technology Bali

Read More

Gumboro virus anticipation and how it works

"Is there a vaccine (ie: Gumboro vaccine) into a formidable fortress of truth?" Said Durrahman, a chicken farmer in the mountains a thousand Wonosari Yogyakarta.
It is well-founded complaints that suggestive questions was submitted to the Infovet Durrahman encountered in a relatively large cage. Location of the cage is actually quite hot because of the trees wither where the leaves of large trees that used to protect the loss if it enters the early dry season.
Actual location of the cage it is in the area that are less ideal, just to not say do not meet the requirements for the growth of broilers. Aspects of the environmental temperature is hot and also very limited volume of water supplies for livestock is an example.

However, conditions remain very minimalist not dampen Durrahman intention and determination to try to pursue the venture. Although only running about 3-4 years, but when viewed from the development level of welfare of his family, then Durrahman including quite successful.
"I tried to go against the grain and against the majority opinion of the practitioners poultry that area of ​​my efforts are not suitable as a breeding place chicken pieces," he said.
The former chicken coop in Bogor workers who returned to his village was trying to attempt it in his village because of the assets owned and skill that's it.
After confirming interest from Bogor and his determination to become independent farmers small scale.
Because of the location of his residence which is a major asset in the arid mountains whenever the dry season ahead, try to be utilized optimally.

When asked obstacles and barriers to developing its business in addition to greater difficulty in obtaining large tracts of land and away from residential areas because there is one disease that still considered difficult to anticipate and deal with. It is Gumboro disease.
According to such health programs as required vaccinations have been carried out strictly. Therefore Durrahman marketers trying to challenge the vaccine to dare to guarantee interference-free during the maintenance, it turns out no one dares.
"Is there a vaccine (ie: Gumboro vaccine) into a formidable fortress of truth," said Infovet Durrahman to repeat the challenge every meeting with the health care field.
And, almost no one dared to give guarantees, general advice and counsel, almost like advice juragannya first time in Bogor to his cage and workers in order to maintain cleanliness and keep doing the spraying.
Sometimes, further Durrahman, he took a final conclusion that the disease such as chicken are an integral part of the poultry business. Because on the basis of his experiences as a child of the cage is almost certainly no gagguan from mild illness to a 'vicious'.
According to him, never having been in a period of smooth and escaped from the ambush of the disease.
Special Gumboro disease, is indeed a scourge and make the manager exercises the heart. Because sometimes, crashing when age is still not worth harvesting, but also most often when it was approaching the age of harvest.

"Growth and the chickens are very good performance and market prices are high ... eee Gumboro emerged. Such as waking from sleep while it is a beautiful dream. "He said as if to tell the hope that destroyed instantly.
During this Durrahman Gumboro when addressing cases are still preliminary, or young age just by giving sugar water or sorbitol and paracetamol (fever-reducing active substance) and the spray enclosure is teruis basis.
His experience means that it can not cope with yet perfectly capable of suppressing the number of losses that may be much greater if the revaksinasi.
"The provision of drinking water containing sweet substance capable of suppressing death and the appearance of dwarfs to 30%. As long as I was a child's home and learning methods at least are still the best "he said.
Back to Infovet he asked, is there any other way besides vaccination that was not able to guarantee 80% sakalipun let alone 100% can be free from interference Gumboro disease.
Even the most concern if the disease is emerging as another disease weakens queuing up to join the chicken, so do not be surprised if the breeder, including himself so traumatic with Gumboro.
Although traumatic, but because of that fact must be faced then every farmer, according to Durrahman definitely try to find their own solutions on the basis of field experience and improvisation.
Like the way during this time, still considered the best solution. The question is whether there are other breeders experience more successful and smooth face Gumboro?
Broiler Immunity
To answer these questions and anxiety breeders, we must understand the particulars immune chickens.
Same with the human body, the animal's body is also vulnerable to disruption of germs. This means that also required a strong immune system to ward off outbreaks of germs in the body such cattle.
"The function of the immune system is essential for the health of livestock, especially broiler chickens that have age restrictions maintenance," Academics College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry UIN Suska Riau drh Jully Handoko said.
Said to be an alumnus of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Gajah Mada, the purpose of maintenance of broiler chickens is the attainment of optimal body weight with a maximum application of procedural maintenance.
Broiler weight optimal only obtained when cattle healthy and there is no disruption of germs, which means farmers must set aside or cut the threat of germs that would undermine the broiler chicken pet.
Jully said in the case of Gumboro, in an early form of Gumboro will damage the immune system by massive cock. This damage will not recover, the result would be a permanent immunosuppression in chickens in question. "And this is the beginning of the actual losses in broiler breeder chickens," said Jully.
In line with Jully, DVM Faculty alumni Budi added force in 1980, triggered by the Gumboro immunosuppression may also lead to younger or susceptible chickens infected by various other diseases and worse immune system response is not owned chickens to vaccination for other diseases.

Stock Fabrisius
Immune system of chickens and other livestock is a very complex system. In chickens, there are two organs associated with immune system, namely the exchanges and thymus.
Stock mostly of B cells that play a role in producing or circulating humoral antibodies, are largely thymus contains T cells with a function to recognize and destroy cells infected with bacteria or viruses, activates macrophages in the phagocytosis and assist in antibody-producing B cells.
In the embryo, these two systems are programmed to produce active immunity against the disease, meaning that immunity acquired as a result have suffered from infectious diseases or due to inoculation with disease-causing ingredients that have been transformed.
In addition, Gumboro disease virus does not only attack the exchanges, which could cause disruption to the ability of humoral antibody production, but also can attack that would destroy the thymus cell-mediated immunity.

When infection occurs before the age of 3 weeks the chickens as a result of damage is permanent, is when the infection occurred after 3 weeks of age chickens, the damage appears to be temporary and the chicken immune system will function again recovered within 2-3 weeks post infection.
Maternal Antibodies
Then how to overcome the infection in chicks, back drh Jully Handoko confirmed that the chick has acquired passively acquired antibodies from its mother via the egg yolk (maternal antibodies), this can be done by seeking humoral antibody levels remain high on the parent or the parent stock chicken.
This is very effective in preventing and protecting the chicks from infection. "The breeder retains an important role in the emergence of cut cases of diseases caused by immunosuppression," urges academics Fapertapet this Suska UIN.

In addition, maternal antibodies do not only protect chicks against infection, but also hinder the formation of antibodies active against IBD.
It is known that the half-life of maternal antibodies IBD ranged 3-4 days, and chickens that have maternal antibodies with high titers, the maternal antibody levels will be reduced much faster when compared with chickens that have maternal antibody titer is low.
Precaution
So, what should be done to prevent infection breeder Gumboro disease which lowers immunity this chicken?
Referring to the concept of a field of breeder experience, drh Budi said that there are three ways of preventive measures of early viral infection that can be done breeders Gumboro namely "
1) Prevent contact with the virus Gumboro chicken,2) Give the parent so that the vaccine in chickens chicks get protection through maternal antibodies, and3) Giving vaccines in chicks with Gumboro vaccines are non-virulent active.

Repeated cases of Gumboro at the farmer level was driven more by economic factors. The point is that in broiler chickens Gumboro vaccination should be done twice, but considering the cost of farmers is high enough, then the breeder is only done once during the maintenance period.
This negative impact, which will cause Gumboro attack at times approaching harvest. "Here's what to look out for farmers," said Budi is also appealing, in addition to Gumboro, farmers also must remain vigilant against other diseases that also may lower the immunity of chicken. CRD and the disease is coccidiosis.

Eliminate Trigger Factors
Meanwhile, M Hadie broiler breeders in the outskirts of Pekanbaru Panam said that in the handling of Gumboro needed serious attention to the factors triggering the disease outbreak.
Tests of that cage density factor during the first week of maintenance need to be considered, it is associated with stress levels and the chicken was pointed out as early disastrous chicken immune deficiencies mentioned.
Moderate by drh Rondang NAYATI MM Animal Health Animal Husbandry Department Head of Riau Province over advocate on nutritional balance of food consumed both broiler and layer chickens.
This is pretty basic, because if the chicken is food with good nutrition then the chicken is able to withstand the attacks of disease. Related to the use of veterinary drugs, wife of former Chief of Riau Provincial Livestock Office confirms to be given with caution, because it concerns the safety of consumers (food safety).
Vaccination and Immunity
Formed by the body's immune chickens there are two, namely humoral immunity or a thorough, in which there are immune substances in the bloodstream and local immunity with immune substances present in the body that never attacked the disease.
Similarly, Muhammad Firdaus Drh MSi Head of Department of Agriculture Animal Health Pekanbaru City as he continues, local immunity can be a weapon to confront the attacks of germs. However, its ability to kill germs only place where there are immune substances, for example in the respiratory tract, the infection does not occur in the respiratory tract.
Meanwhile, on the other body parts that are not immune substances, allowing exposure to germs. "This is different from humoral immunity that can fend off germs attack the body at any location," explains this UNRI graduate alumni.

Vaccines are the germs of microorganisms that have been attenuated virulence or off and when given to animals does not cause disease but can stimulate the formation of immune substances in accordance with the type of vaccine.
Being vaccinated is the act of entering the vaccine into the body of cattle and is an effort in order to protect cattle against certain diseases.
For the farmer, vaccination is a routine activity in the farm business.
Further describing breeder that vaccinations are carried out by means of eye drops, nose drops, drinking water and the spray will stimulate the body's immune chickens to form local, while the implementation of vaccination by injection or injections will stimulate the formation of humoral immunity or thorough.
In chicks, the application of vaccination usually by eye drops or nose drops, and sometimes of administration by injection if the type of vaccine inactive. Vaccination via the drinking water can not be done, because the chicks are 1-4 days drinking age is still small and irregular.

In adult chickens, vaccination applications usually with eye drops, nose drops, drinking water and injections. "Only through an injection that can guarantee the accuracy of a given dose of vaccine in chickens," said Firdaus.
You certainly have penagalaman that can abstracted to a successful step to overcome this chicken immune disease. The above information can certainly be an appeal to the more certain and definite step!

Read More